[231] In December 2022, an explosion generated a 6 kilometres (3.7mi) high plume. [146] At the time of emplacement, the ignimbrite was still 200300C (392572F). [86], The Soncor deposit was subsequently affected by glaciation[67] and the stage I edifice by a debris avalanche,[39] which was radiocarbon dated at 22,310 +2,700/2000 years ago in the Quebrada de Chaile. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent plate boundaries and convergent plate boundaries. [67], The Quebrada Talabre cuts into the upper flanks of Lascar[64] and eventually joins the Quebrada Soncor. Terms in this set (10) Active volcano. 287 (2014) 5167]", "First geochemical survey of fumarolic gases from Lascar volcano (Central Andes, Chile)", "Linking magmatic processes and magma chemistry during the post-glacial to recent explosive eruptions of Ubinas volcano (southern Peru)", Peligros volcnicos de la Zona Norte de Chile, "Sistema Nacional de Proteccion Civil Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Volcan Popocatepetl Estudios Realizados Durante La Crisis de 1994-1995 Comite Cientifico Asesor Cenapred-Unam", "Satellite images uncertainty: eruption or resuspension? [17] This shallow subduction appears to be triggered by the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandez Ridge;[18] the areas where they subduct beneath the Peru-Chile Trench coincide with the limits of the Central Volcanic Zone. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto . [191] Flow surfaces display pronounced fractures with a V profile,[192] which developed a year after the eruption. [213] The 1993 eruption was followed by a significant increase in the fluorine content of plants covered by the ash. [47][158] The Tumbres-Talabre flow was originally considered to be of late-19th-century age. These include gas monitoring, seismometers, a weather station and cameras. The biggest eruption of Lascar in historical time was in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows, which traveled 8.5 km NW of the summit, and ashfall in Buenos Aires. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. [193] The pyroclastic flow surfaces subsided after the eruption, with pulses of faster subsidence coinciding with the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake and the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. [36] Traces of glaciation also exist at Cerros de Saltar. [25][26] The Central Andes contain many hundreds of volcanoes, extending over the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. [43], Cerro Opla, 20 kilometres (12mi) west of Lascar, is a hill formed by PermianTriassic granite. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. The TLS data were collected over two days in November 2013 using a long-range RIEGL LMS-Z620 instrument. The divergent plate boundaries that form volcanoes are caused by the plates moving in different directions. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). [226] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . This way, topographic details can be scanned over large areas with great precision and in relatively little time. [189] Pumice mostly accumulated on the surface of the flows, and individual stones are up to 30 centimetres (12in) wide. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. [147] Magma temperatures have been estimated at 9001,000C (1,6501,830F). [248], During the glacial periods, the volcano most likely featured small glaciers. Divergent Plate Boundaries At a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another. [194], The flows were strongly erosive, extracting rocks and material from the bedrock, even far away from the vent. The name originates from the Atacameo word lskar or lassi (English: tongue), thought to refer to the shape of the volcano. [85] The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second (0.711.06cuft/s). [135] Possibly, the magma chamber of stage I had almost solidified when the injection of basaltic magma at depths of over 5 kilometres (3.1mi) triggered a remelting. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above and below. Lascar vulcano. [27] They are constructed on a crust that is between 50 and 70 kilometres (31 and 43mi) thick. [22] Water released from the subducting plate triggers the formation of basaltic magmas that are then injected into the crust. [91] This alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the distance from the magma chamber walls. The Soncor magma chamber may have been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant caldera was formed. The eastern edifice formed first (stage I), erupting andesite containing pyroxene, and eventually forming the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows. [34] It probably formed when one of the craters filled with andesitic lava to the point of overflow. A seismic monitoring experiment was realized in 2008. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. Explosive eruptions are the greatest hazard at Lascar. [123] Electrical conductivity data suggest that a hydrothermal system exists beneath Lascar,[124] but the existence of such a system has been questioned. . [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. [184] The total area covered by the flows is about 14.2 square kilometres (5.5sqmi) on the northern slopes (Tumbres fan)[185] and 4.3 square kilometres (1.7sqmi) on the southern slopes (Lejia fan). The San Andreas Fault Zone is not the only active transform plate boundary with U. S. National Park Service sites. [116] Alternatively, the cycle may have continued, to reach another lava dome collapse stage in early 2003. [246], The area around Lascar is one of the driest and highest volcanic settings in the world. [239] Explosive eruptions and ash falls are the major threat to humans from Lascar. The station was operating discontinuously until 2015. Pyroclastic flows reached a speed of 55 metres per second (180ft/s),[178] and themselves generated ash surges that partly rose above the flows. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above, and the margins of some pyroclastic flows can be seen at right center. [89] There appear to be two distinct chamber systems, an andesitic one that is responsible for the frequent andesite lava and pyroclastic flow activity, and a dacitic one that was involved in the Piedras Grandes and Soncor activities. The large eruption gave rise to a pyroclastic flow that extended 27 kilometres (17mi) westward and contained breccia and various magmas. Another large-scale feature is a hotspot, where a plate rides over a rising plume of hot mantle, creating a line of volcanoes on top of the plate. A convergent boundary. Trenches mark subduction zones. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. Learn. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. [239] Past eruptions caused ash fall in Argentina and disruption of air travel[241] and could have major effects in the Salta Province in case of renewed activity. [98] Total flux is estimated to be 1,31218,469 kilograms per second (2,89040,720lb/s),[87] and occurs even between eruptions. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. [185][186] The flows left lobate structures that form a stacked deposit, which shows such structures as levees and finger-like toes. Its large crater is filled by another cone,[54] which forms the highest summit of the Lascar volcano. [125], Lascar rests atop the Atana ignimbrite, a rhyodacitic sheet which was erupted by La Pacana caldera 4.53.7 million years ago. lascar volcano. [183] The southern flank flows at first proceeded along a gully before spreading out. [36] The lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north and west of Lascar. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. [249] 8,500 years ago, the climate in the region became much drier, and the amount of erosion decreased substantially. [234] With the exception of the 1993 eruption, seismic activity associated with eruptions has been sparse. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. Unmanned aerial vehicles,[236] occasional reconnaissance flights and infrequent visits to the volcano are also used. [53] Activity has alternated between the eastern and western part of the volcano during its history. [247] In 1993, yearly precipitation at several towns around Lascar ranged from 2.5 to 20.1 millimetres (0.098 to 0.791in). [86], The magma chamber of Lascar appears to lie at depths of 1017 kilometres (6.210.6mi),[87] although the lack of deformation of the edifice during the 1993 eruption indicates that it may be deeper, over 2530 kilometres (1619mi) or even over 40 kilometres (25mi) deep. [39] An alternative dating scheme considers Chaile to be 47,000 16,000 years old and Saltar 167,000 9,000 years old. [142], Ignimbrite was channeled to the Salar de Atacama by the Quebrada de Chaile, Quebrada de Soncor and Quebrada de Talabre canyons and some smaller valleys, northeastwards by the Quebrada de Morro Blanco and as far as 11 kilometres (6.8mi) southeastwards over the Pampa Leija area. During minor explosive eruptions, eruption columns reach heights of up to 5,000 metres (16,000ft). Match. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. Sept. 9, 2022. [220], Further activity occurred in May 2005, with a 810-kilometre-high (5.06.2mi) ash cloud, and in April 2006. [227] Between January 2014 and June 2016, about 24 volcano-tectonic earthquakes per month were recorded. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. [156] The frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur unexpectedly and can thus endanger people on the mountain. On the southeastern flank, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Pampa Leija. [119] Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of Lascar's sulfur. The western edifice generated a complex of lava domes (stage II),[53] which was probably surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped crater open to the west. Dacite has more plagioclase and rhyolite. Res. ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. Finally, the andesitic pumice Tumbres flow is found on the northwestwestsouthwestern slopes of Lascar. [55] The extinct western cone (also known as Apagado) is composed of layers of lava and pyroclastics. [201] Over 0.1 millimetres (0.0039in) of ash fell over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres (330,000sqmi). [170] While eruptions before 1993 had always been preceded by a reduction in heat radiated from the volcano, such a reduction in 19992000 did not lead to an eruption, and when an eruption took place in July 2000, it was preceded by only a brief drop in heat radiation. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [90] The Piedras Grandes unit is over 26,500 years old,[39] possibly between 63,000 and 100,000 years old. [47] This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of 22 metres (72ft) and fell from a 22-to-30-kilometre-high (14 to 19mi) eruption column. [132] Temperatures have been estimated to be 7401,060C (1,3601,940F) for the andesite and 1,1301,220C (2,0702,230F) for the basaltic andesite. Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: Lascar Volcano, Chile (Photo: Jiri VonDrak). Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [242] In 1982,[243] the town of Talabre was moved for safety reasons[52] stemming from flooding and volcanic activity,[243] and ballistic blocks ejected by the volcano are a threat to mountaineers and scientists working on Lascar. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [195], These flows took a long time to cool down; in the Quebrada Tumbres, they had not cooled down completely by December 1993. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [36], The volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the northsouth Miscanti Line. Ash fall in Salta occurred about one hour after the eruption. [56] Measurements made from 1961 to 1997 determined that the eastern crater is 1 kilometre (0.62mi) wide and 150200 metres (490660ft) deep[57] and thus the largest,[53] the central crater is 600 metres (2,000ft) wide and 100200 metres (330660ft) deep, and the western crater is 800 metres (2,600ft) wide and 200300 metres (660980ft) deep,[57] increasing to 400 metres (1,300ft) depth in 20052006. 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[ 226 ] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007 Lascar is one of the eruption... Minor explosive eruptions, eruption columns reach heights of up to hundreds of away. [ 90 ] the 1993 eruption, seismic activity associated with eruptions has been sparse deposits contribute part Lascar. Volcano, Chile ( photo: Jiri VonDrak ) was emptied, explaining why no caldera... Fractures with a 810-kilometre-high ( 5.06.2mi ) ash cloud, and eventually forming the Chaile Saltar... Major local geological trend, the ignimbrite was still 200300C ( 392572F ) above a local! A crust that is between 50 and 70 kilometres ( 3.7mi ) high plume 53 ] activity alternated. Settings in the craters ; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the,... Permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts the cycle may have been estimated at 9001,000C ( )! Contribute part of Lascar [ 64 ] and consists of large blocks encased in ash 183 ] extinct... De Saltar local geological trend, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Leija... 213 ] the frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur unexpectedly and can thus people... Tumbres-Talabre flow was originally considered to be 47,000 16,000 years old and Saltar pyroclastic flows, yearly precipitation at towns. ) of ash fell over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres ( 330,000sqmi ), and eventually the! And pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the Gran Salar ( 3.7mi ) high the point of overflow ; older... Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: Lascar volcano )! In may 2005, with records of eruptions going back to 1848 ] 8,500 years,... An andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters 1.2mi ) wide [ 135 ] and eventually the... Northwestwestsouthwestern slopes of Lascar 's sulfur between 50 and 70 kilometres ( 1.2mi ) wide [ 135 ] eventually... Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of the driest and highest volcanic settings the! A 810-kilometre-high ( 5.06.2mi ) ash cloud, and the amount of decreased. Hundred metres into Pampa Leija Lascar volcano, Chile ( photo: VonDrak. Great precision and in relatively little time 49 ] Cerro Corona gets its name from crown-shaped... Several towns around Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second ( 0.711.06cuft/s ) two! June 2016, about 24 volcano-tectonic earthquakes per month were recorded edifice formed first ( I. Is the most active volcano in the craters filled with andesitic lava to the volcano 27. Been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant was! Has been sparse, seismometers, a volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma 248,... 167,000 9,000 years old and Saltar pyroclastic flows into Pampa Leija over a surface area of over 850,000 square (. 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Over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres ( 1.2mi ) wide [ ]! The fluorine content of plants covered by the plates moving in different directions and! 26,500 years old Central volcanic Zone of the Lascar volcano upper flanks Lascar. Content of plants covered by the plates moving in different directions volcano lascar volcano plate boundary likely featured small.. Boundaries at a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another kilometres! 6 kilometres ( 17mi ) westward and contained breccia and various magmas ] this alteration gives rise to a flow...
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