hamilcar barca was black

He held command (247-41) during the first Punic War and established Carthaginian influence in Spain (237-?228) This coin is the best representation of Hannibal. Carthaginians may have taken control of the mining operations and introduced new technologies to increase production. The town, called Helike, is commonly identified with Elche, but given that it is situated close to Hamilcar's base at Akra Leuke from which he could readily draw reinforcement, it cannot be the place where the following events unfolded. Geiger Richrd - grg npek Hamilkr karthgi kirly az oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027; 177 KB. The Romans rejected these terms and appointed ten commissioners, led by Quantius Lutatius Cerco, brother of the consul and himself consul in 240 BC, to reexamine the conditions. The Carthaginian state was led by the landed aristocracy at the time, and they preferred to expand across northern Africa instead of pursuing an aggressive policy in Sicily. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. After Carthage's defeat by . Accordingly, Hamilcar Barca was dispatched in 237 BCE to expand Carthaginian territory, which he did, establishing his base at Gades (Cadiz) and founding a new city of Acra Leuce. Themes. Hamilcar then resigned his command but he would be needed again within months. He was also fatherinlaw to Hasdrubal the Fair. This led to the Second Punic War and Hannibal taking the army across the Alps into Italy. Finally, when the Carthaginian Senate was unable to decide between Hamilcar and Hanno, the people's assembly left it to the army to decide on their Commander in Chief, and Hamilcar Barca was elected to sole command. Carthaginian warships were forbidden to sail along Italian shores or those of their allies. Punic Mercenaries stationed in Sardinia had rebelled in 239 BC, besieged Boaster and all Carthaginians in a citadel and later executed them after the fort fell. When Utica and Hippo Acra held out, Hanno and Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms. ". Some of the surviving rebels fled towards Utica; others, after being driven from their camp near the bridge, fled to Tunis. Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily and he joined Hanno the Great, who had made significant conquests in Libya while Hamilcar had been in Sicily, to quash the rebellion. Buy History Of Ancient Carthage - Hamilcar Barca - Punic War Tank Top: Shop top fashion brands Tanks & Camis at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases Amazon.com: History Of Ancient Carthage - Hamilcar Barca - Punic War Tank Top : Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome. Hamilcar died in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River while besieging a place called Helice and trying to escape from a Celtiberian army. The Carthaginians were marching in good order so they could perform a pre-planned manoeuvre which they had practiced in Carthage, but the rebels, many of whom were inexperienced soldiers, believed that the Carthaginians were running away. They chose Hamilcar. Rome suspected Carthage of aiding the natives, and had sent embassies to Carthage in 236, 235, 233 and 230 BC to accuse and threaten the Punic state. After his father led Carthage in the First Punic War, Hannibal took over the leadership of Carthaginian forces against Rome. Of the eight coins, only five coins are not recognized by European archeologists and historians. The Carthaginians had gained command of the sea after their victories in 249 BC, but they only held two cities in Sicily: Lilybaeum and Drepanum by the time Hamilcar took up command. [59] The modern historian Dexter Hoyos stresses that "[s]uch manoeuvres were about the simplest that any army could learn, once it mastered the absolute basics of marching in formation". His son was Hannibal, famous for his exploits during the Second Punic War. Corn Fleuron T083009-22.png 1,086 649; 65 KB. Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the First Punic War. Still, without a significant force at his disposal (fewer than 20,000 men) and despite Polybius' praise that he was the best Carthaginian general of the war, Hamilcar's effect on the conflict was ultimately a limited one. [54], The rebels held the hills to the west of Carthage and the only bridge across the Bagradas river leading to Utica. For at a time when some say Hannibal was black and others that he was white, De Sousa tells us (and other ancient Iberian historians agree) that Hamilcar Barca had taken a Lusitanian woman as bride and had children by her. He then left Ercte for Mount Eryx (modern Erice near Trapani), which he held until 241. [110] Massalia, probably alarmed by the Carthaginian advance towards their area of influence, mentioned this expansion to the Romans, who decided to investigate the matter. The rebels requested Rome to take over Sardinia, which was turned down. The coin presented does not appear to favor the features of either. The name Hamilcar (PunicPhoenician mlqrt, brother of Melqart) was a common name for Carth Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264241 bce). Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage (present-day Tunisia) in approximately 247 B.C. [50] Hamilcar's former soldiers, who had been kept together only by his personal authority and by the promise of good pay, broke out into open mutiny once Hanno the Great tried to impose this, and marched on Carthage and encamped at Tunis. Meanwhile, Mathos had defeated a Carthaginian army, and he dealt the same treatment to the captured Carthaginian general. He fought a series of successful battles until he reached (but did not destroy) the city of Rome. By 247, when Hamilcar took charge in Sicily, Carthage had lost to Rome all of its Sicilian possessions except Lilybaeum (now Marsala) and Drepanum (now Trapani). Syracuse redoubled the volume of supplies sent to Carthage. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. Hannibal Barca was a renowned general and statesman. Hamilcar Barca: Hannibal Barca is the son of General Hamiclar Barca of Carthage. He was known for his skill as a commander and his contributions to the army. Foi pai de Anbal, Asdrbal, Adonibal e Mago, [2] bem como o construtor dos famosos jardins de Amlcar, que se encontravam em Mgara, na periferia de Cartago.. Comandou as foras de Cartago na ltima parte da primeira guerra pnica e foi o . Iberia would also serve as a base for any future conflicts against the Romans which would be independent of political interference from Carthage, and the campaigns would enhance the reputation of Hamilcar Barca. His first daughter was married to Bomilcar, who was a suffete of Carthage and may have commanded the Punic fleet in the Second Punic war. Hamilcar & the Barcid line would dominate the Carthaginian political & military arenas for the next 35 years. There, after several skirmishes, Hamilcar cornered the enemy at 'the Saw' (Prion), a ridge in the Libyan mountains. [103] Negotiations with the "Tartessian" tribes were successfully concluded, but Hamilcar faced hostility from the Turdetani or Turduli tribe, near the foothills of modern Seville and Crdoba. Moored in the water, we can see a large . When he was replaced by Hannibal in 221 BCE, the Carthaginians broke the territorial agreement with Rome of 226 BCE not to cross the River Ebro and attacked Rome's ally Saguntum (Sagunto). Until the rise to power of his son Hannibal, Hamilcar was the finest commander and statesman that Carthage had produced. Sicily had been the principal battleground but had yet to see a decisive victory for either side. Hannibal, (born 247 bce, North Africadied c. 183-181 bce, Libyssa, Bithynia [near Gebze, Turkey]), Carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (218-201 bce) and who continued to oppose Rome and its satellites until his death. Port area of Boston. The Book of Inventions; Thomas J. Craughwell; 2008. Had Hamilcar suffered a decisive defeat, casualties and prisoners would have diminished their numbers and Carthage would have had an excuse not to pay anything. Hamilcar broke off the second siege of Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where a rebel army awaited him. He was the son of Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca (Barca meaning "thunderbolt"). Hamilcar Barca Kordas (Public Domain) Hamilcar Barca (c. 285 - c. 228 BCE) was a Carthaginian general active in the First Punic War (264-241 BCE). The name Hamilcar (Punic-Phoenician mlqrt, "brother of Melqart") was a common name for Carthaginian men. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. We have coins which are apparently presenting the image of Hamilcar (Hannibal's Father) and Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother.) [58] Hamilcar unleashed his trap as the disorderly rebels closed on his formation. With a reduced army and fleet, Hamilcar commenced his operations. 143; Miano, Diccion. Apr 3, 2011. "Death Date: 229. As Carthage no longer had the resources for a large army, he could not face the enemy in an all-out battle, but he did manage to capture Eryx in 244 BCE, which became his new base. According . Legend suggests that before he embarked upon the Spanish campaign, Hannibals father (Hamilcar Barca) required the nine year old Hannibal to pledge his ever-lasting hatred of Rome. See also Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer . Second Punic War In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). Discussion Starter. After the siege of Helice and betrayed by local allies, Hamilcar retreated and drowned while crossing a river in the winter of 229/228 BCE. The soldiers refused to accept Hamilcar as an arbitrator, angered by his refusal to accompany his army from Sicily and retiring to Carthage as soon as the treaty with Rome was formalized, and although Carthage at this point conceded to all their demands, things soon boiled over and started the conflict known as the Mercenary War. A growing number of professional military historians believe that Hannibal Barca was a dark skin ethnically mixed Numidian warrior. If evidence in the urban structure of Castelo Branco and the city walls with their arches confirms its Carthaginian . Hippacra and Utica were both besieged, and Hanno was unable to free them. Hamilcar Barca, Kartacallarn lideri olan Hamilcar Barca, Roma'ya kar Sicilya adasnda baarl mcadeleler gstermitir. The coins do not resemble each other. But who reads Polybius (1.65-83) can see how he came to this act. In this war unbelievable atrocities were committed on both sides. World History Encyclopedia. Hercte west of Panormus. Hamilcar's immediate objective was to secure access to the gold and silver mines of Sierra Morena, either by direct and indirect control. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. Hannibal Barca was one of the great generals of ancient times. Whatever direct territorial control Carthage had had in the past in Iberia,[98] this had been mostly lost by this time as Hamilcar was "re-establishing Carthaginian authority in Iberia". Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. Completed Exodus Transitional Program. Dr. Hamilcar Barcas (also called Hamical Balcus in some translations) is one of the primary antagonists of Guyver: The Bioboosted Armour. In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, they were also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in northern Africa. An unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but details are lacking. [104] Hamilcar then fought a 50,000 strong army under a chieftain named Indortes. Using a blend of terror and diplomacy Hamilcar relentlessly expanded his control over southern Spain. He then landed on the north coast of Sicily, seizing Mt. He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. Hannibal Barca, born Carthage 247 B.C, Hannibal Barcar was the son of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. Newest results. Suggesting that the old coin depicts Hannibal simply because the back depicts and elephant seems like wishful thinking. Their choice to minimize the Sicilian operations while Hamilcar was in command, reduce the navy and support Hanno the Great's conquests in Africa, all of which were causes for the ultimate defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. The war started to improve for Carthage when they were aided by Rome, who repatriated captured Carthaginian soldiers for free, and the tyrant of Syracuse Hiero, who feared that without Carthage then Rome might act at will in the central Mediterranean. Hamilcar Barca (d. 229/8 B.C.) By the time Hamilcar had conquered southern and south-east Spain, Rome became suspicious of their old enemy's intentions. From mountain bases near Palermo he made repeated raids on the Romans and relieved the Punic garrison in Lilybaeum. Their heavy handedness with Sardinian natives caused native Sardinians to attack and expel the mercenaries by 237 BC. [121] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere supposition. 'Hamilcar', from the Punic hml-qrt, means follower or servant of Melqart, the Phoenician/Punic god whilst 'Barca' is thought to derive from the Punic word barqa, meaning lightning, and was used in reference to Hamilcar's guerrilla tactics used in the First Punic War. [113], Orissus, chieftain of the Oretani tribe, came to the assistance of the besieged town. He employed combined arms tactics, like Alexander and Pyrrhus,[20] and his strategy was similar to the one employed by Quintus Fabius Maximus in the Second Punic War, ironically against Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca, in Italy during 217 BC. The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. Thank you! By 231 BC, Hamilcar Barca had consolidated his Iberian territorial gains and established the city of Akra Leuke (Alicante),[108][109] probably in 235 BC, to guard Punic holdings, and possibly took over the area of Massalian colonies near the mouth of Sucro River. Our Team Cartwright, M. (2016, June 01). [106] Hamilcar now had the means to pay for his mercenary army and also to ship silver ore to Carthage to help pay off the war indemnity. [63] The people's assembly chose Hannibal of Paropos, son of another Hamilcar and a veteran of the First Punic War as Hamilcar's deputy. The Carthaginian's, in any case, continued campaigning in Spain. [51] The rebels divided their forces: detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC. In the process, Hamilcar created a professional army of Iberians, Africans, Numidians and other mercenaries that Hasdrubal the Fair would inherit and Hannibal would later lead across the Alps to immortality. To preempt the danger he issued a challenge in front of the city for single combat between him and the Skaven horde. In 239 BCE a mercenary force took control of Sardinia and then defeated a Carthaginian army sent to re-take the island. Hamilcars victory over the mercenaries in 237 contributed to his growing political power in Carthage and led him to pursue territory in Spain as compensation for the losses to Rome. Hamilcar killed his prisoners and announced a policy of equal measure toward future rebel prisoners, thus ending any chance of desertion from the rebel army and the truceless war began in earnest. "Hamilcar Barca." Epist. Was Hanno a Barca? Although the Carthaginians were a mixed population, the Carthaginian military was dominated by Numidians, which was a mixture of a black Africans, Nubians, and Berber extract that lived among the Carthaginians and who were prevalent in Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and elsewhere throughout North Africa. The Undefeated army now created a unique problem for Carthage. Hamilcar Barca Conquers Iberia Hamilcar Barca had received much of the blame for causing the Truceless War, owing to the unrealistic promises he made to his troops while leading Carthaginian forces in Sicily. According to Cornelius Nepot, "he provided the whole of Africa with horses, weapons, and money". Hamilcar Barca replied to Emperor Goblinus's topic in Imperium Romanorum. Hamilcar counted them one after another with the tip of his finger; then he hid his face in a saffron-coloured veil, and, falling on his knees, stretched himself on the ground with both arms extended. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! The answer was Spain. Amazons Who Were the Ancient Female Warriors? The initial conditions laid out by Lutatius to Gisco were:[40], Hamilcar Barca refused the demand to surrender Roman deserters or disarm Carthaginian soldiers, despite being threatened by Lutatius to have the Punic army pass under the yoke. The Carthaginians will evacuate all Sicily. With Hannibal and son-in-law Hasdrubal (the Handsome), he and an army of elephants and Phoenician and Numidian troops battled Iberian tribes, founded the city of Akra Leuke (modern Alicante), acquired huge quantities of Spanish silver bullion, and solidified new political and military alliances. Then the so-called Truceless War (also Mercenary War) broke out in 241 BCE. (Encyclopaedia Britannica . (Barca meaning Thunderbolt) Who was Hannibal's father? He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. The actions of Hamilcar, and his immunity to defeat, plus the stalemate at the siege of Lilybaeum caused the Romans to start building a fleet in 243 BC to seek a decision at sea. Hamilcar Barca, vel Barcas ( Punice , a barak, 'fulgur') (natus 270 a.C.n. Hamilcar's move away from the traditional naval power of Carthage to a land force was reaping fantastic rewards. The riches from these campaigns were channelled back to Carthage. Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. 50 Carthaginian ships were sunk, 70 captured and 10,000 prisoners taken. [16] As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn; Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower,[12][13] so by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.[17]. Hanno marshaled his soldiers, but twice failed to engage the rebels under favorable conditions and twice failed to surprise them on other occasions. 2 Although before his arrival the Carthaginians were faring badly by land, and sea, wherever he was present in person he never yielded . Spendius rallied his forces, was reinforced by a detachment largely made of Gauls under Autaritus and shadowed Hamilcar as he advanced south east, keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry and harassing their enemy at every possible opportunity. 275 - 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. This turned out to further restrict his freedom of movement, but the Carthaginian commander continued to coordinate attacks on the Italian mainland, perhaps as north as Cumae. Media in category "Hamilcar Barca". While harassing Roman troops with guerrilla tactics in western Sicily, Hamilcar staged a landing on the north coast, capturing Mount Ercte (probably Pellegrino near Palermo), which he held in the face of determined Roman attempts to dislodge him (247244). vii. After 15 years of fighting, there was still no end in sight to the Second Punic War. Long-time rivals Hamilcar and Hanno could not agree on the best strategy and eventually the army was permitted to choose which general should lead them. luminat) i no era un nom familiar sin un renom personal, encara que a la seva famlia se la distingeix desprs amb el nom dels Barca o Barcins. Hamilcar Barca (c. 285 c. 228 BCE) was a Carthaginian general active in the First Punic War (264-241 BCE). J.-C.) tait un gnral carthaginois actif lors de la premire guerre punique (264-241 av. His third daughter married the Berber ally Naravas,[120] a Numidian chieftain whose defection had saved Hamilcar and his army during the mercenary war. The exact location of this valley has never been conclusively identified. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. Hasdrubal the Fair commanded the fleet[84] carrying supplies and elephants along the coast, keeping pace with the army. 285-c. 229 B.C.) He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. [41] Lutatius did not press the issue further, and the Carthaginian soldiers were later allowed to leave Sicily under arms with their honor intact,[42] and without any token of submission a rare gesture granted by the Romans to a defeated enemy. Furthermore, Hamilcar allied with Hasdrubal the Fair,[80] his future son in law, to restrict the power of the aristocracy, which was led by Hanno the Great,[81] as well as gain immunity from prosecution. By this time he had three daughters, and his son Hannibal was born during the same year. They had long since had control of the old Phoenician colonies there, and it had already proven a rich source of silver. Because Carthaginians kept no written chronicles of Hannibals life, historical knowledge of Hannibal was based upon Carthaginian oral traditions and entirely on Roman written records. Boston, Massachusetts, United States - April 20, 2013: Boston Harbor. Corrections? Related Content Four years of constant campaigns, details of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao. [35] Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to produce near fatal problems for Carthage later on. Roman Beach AttackThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). Italy. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The five coins not recognized portray Hannibal with strong West African ethnic features. Carthage would pay 2,200 silver talents in 10 year installments, and 1,000 talents immediately; a total of 3,200 talents as war reparations. [19] Hamilcar was in command of a mercenary army composed of multiple nationalities and his ability to successfully lead this force demonstrates his skill as field commander. In 244 BC, Hamilcar transferred his army at night by sea[29] to a similar position on the slopes of Mt. Hamilcar offered to allow all the rebels to depart freely with a single garment, but retained the right to detain 10 persons. [56] Hamilcar had managed to train his new recruits in some drill and basic battlefield maneuvers before they left Carthage. 285-c. 229 B.C.) barak "lightning"), Carthaginian general and statesman, father of Hannibal, was born soon after 270 B.C. [5] Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC. Omissions? He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. They managed to take over all Punic territories in Sardinia. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. Rebels opposing this were stoned and Gisco and his fellow prisoners were tortured to death. [6] The Romans rebuilt their fleet after losing 364 ships in a storm in 255 BC, added 220 new ships, and captured Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254 BC;[7] however, 150 ships were lost in another storm in 253 BC. [17] During one of the raids, when troops under a subordinate commander named Bodostor engaged in plunder against the orders of Hamilcar and suffered severe casualties when the Romans caught up to them, Hamilcar requested a truce to bury his dead. You can obtain Hamilcar Barca from the tavern. Carthage would evacuate all islands between Italy and Sicily probably the Aegates Islands in addition to the. The wily commander told them he was merely securing wealth for Carthage so that they could meet their reparation obligations to Rome. Prior to his departure from Carthage, Hamilcar made sacrifices to obtain favorable omens and Hannibal swore never to be a "Friend of Rome" and "Never to show goodwill to the Romans". Shop paperbacks, eBooks, and more! By winter of 240 BC, the situation had improved for Carthage. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Valens reckless failure in diplomacy and battle with the goths sent the Western Roman empire down the path to hell. He was born in 247 BC to Hamilcar Barca who was also a chief in the Carthaginian army. The carbon dating of the coin is 217 BCE. xxiv. After the trapped rebels ran out of food, pack animals and cavalry horses and finally resorted to cannibalism, Spendius, Autaritus and Zarzas, accompanied by seven others, went to Hamilcar's camp to seek terms. The Encyclopedia of Military Biography; Trevor N. Dupuy and others; 1995. Rome, which had dealt with Carthage with all due honor and courtesy during the crisis, going as far as to release all Punic prisoners without ransom and refuse to accept offers from Utica and Rebels mercenaries based in Sardinia to incorporate these territories into the Roman domain, seized Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay 1,200 talents for her initial refusal to renounce her claim over the islands. Cartwright, Mark. Hamilcar had split his forces in the winter of 228 BC, Hasdrubal the Fair was sent on a separate campaign, while Hamilcar besieged an Iberian town, then sent the bulk of his troops to winter quarters at Akra Leuke. Then the enterprising Hamilcar Barca came to the fore. Hamilcar's first priority, probably, was to ensure that the war indemnity was paid regularly so the Romans had no excuse to interfere in Carthaginian affairs. Hamilcar spent nine years in Spain. European archaeologists have found eight coins portraying Hannibals Carthaginian features. Hamilcar defeated the confederates, killed the leaders and several of their soldiers, while he released a number of prisoners and incorporated 3,000 of the enemy into his army. Hamilcar Barca. was a great Carthaginian general and statesman in the First Punic War who firmly established Carthaginian rule in Spain. Mathos could not, though, resist a joint army of Hamilcar and Hanno, and he was driven out of the city and defeated at Byzacium. Hamilcar now had an army of 12,000 and 70 elephants with which to face the rebels. [72] This probably dealt a fatal blow to any chance of permanent peace between Rome and Carthage[73] and is one of the causes of the Second Punic War and held as the motivation of the subsequent military and political activities of Hamilcar.[74]. i. p. 391; Auson. [89] Hasdrubal the Fair and Hannibal, then a child of nine, accompanied Hamilcar; it is not known who led Hamilcar's supporters in Carthage in the absence of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. The Carthaginian army was caught in a pincer movement; Hamilcar pretended to retreat, and Spendius likely attempted to trap the outnumbered Carthaginians against the river with his two forces, pinning them with one and out-flanking them with the other. She apparently was from Lisbon. It was the first chapter in the history of the Roman Empire. In expanding his power to the European continent, Hamilcar reinvigorated the Carthaginian empire, regained needed resources, and prepared a base for renewing war against Rome, which his son Hannibal would famously do in the Second Punic War. Miles, Richard, Carthage Must be Destroyed, p. 193, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p. 145, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p. 146, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p147, Lazenby, John .F, First Punic War, p148, Lazenby, John .F, The First Punic War, p. 157, Diodorus Siculus 24.13, Cornelius Nepos, Hamilcar, 1.5, Bagnall, Nigel, The Punic Wars, pp. However, the constant skirmishing without ultimate victory may have caused the morale of some of Hamilcar's troops to crack and 1,000 Celtic mercenaries tried to betray the Punic camp to the Romans, which was foiled. Hasdrubal defeated the rebels, killing 8,000 and taking 2,000 prisoners before returning to Iberia. He distinguished himself during the First Punic War in 247, when he took over the chief command in Sicily, which at . Style manual or other sources if you have any questions West African ethnic features Erice near Trapani ) which. He provided the whole of Africa with horses, weapons, and had! 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